Just as Plato had cited the Egyptian legend of the sunken island of Atlantis, the Greek historian Herodotus mentioned the Egyptian legend of the continent of Hyperborea in the far north. When ice destroyed this ancient land, its people were said to have migrated south.
Writing in 1679, the Swedish author Olaf Rudbeck identified the proto-Atlanteans with the Hyperboreans and located the latter at the North Pole.
In Greek mythology the Hyperborean people lived "beyond the North Wind". The Greeks thought that Boreas, the god of the North Wind (one of the Anemoi, or "Winds") lived in Thrace, and therefore Hyperborea indicates a region that lay far to the north of Thrace.
Herodotus recorded that three earlier sources had mentioned the Hyperboreans, including Hesiod and Homer.
Along with Thule, Hyperborea was one of several terrae incognitae to the Greeks and Romans, where Pliny, Pindar and Herodotus, as well as Virgil and Cicero, reported that people lived to the age of one thousand and enjoyed lives of complete happiness. Hecataeus of Abdera collated all the stories about the Hyperboreans current in the 4th century BC and published a lengthy treatise on them, lost to us, but noted by Diodorus Siculus:
"In the regions beyond the land of the Celts there lies in the ocean an island no smaller than Sicily. This island, the account continues, is situated in the north and is inhabited by the Hyperboreans, who are called by that name because their home is beyond the point whence the north wind (Boreas) blows; and the island is both fertile and productive of every crop, and has a temperate climate."
Hecateaus of Abdera also wrote that the Hyperboreans had a 'circular temple' on their island, and some scholars have tried to identify this with Stonehenge.
Ptolemy and Marcian of Heraclea both placed Hyperborea in the North Sea which they called the "Hyperborean Ocean". Also, the sun was supposed to rise and set only once a year in Hyperborea; which would place it above or upon the Arctic Circle, or, more generally, in the arctic polar regions.
Alone among the Twelve Olympians, Apollo was venerated among the Hyperboreans, the Hellenes thought: he spent his winter amongst them.
The ancient Greek writer Theopompus in his work Philippica claimed Hyperborea was once planned to be conquered by a large race of soldiers from another island (some have claimed this was Atlantis).
The plan was said to have been abandoned because the invading soldiers realized that the Hyperboreans were too strong for them and the most blessed of people; this unusual tale, which some believe was myth, was preserved by Aelian (Varia Historia).
Greek legend asserts that the Boreades, who were the descendants of Boreas and the snow-nymph Chione (or Khione), founded the first theocratic monarchy on Hyperborea. This legend is found preserved in the writings of Aelian:
"This god [Apollon] has as priests the sons of Boreas (North Wind) and Chione (Snow), six cubits in height [about 3 metres]." The Boreades were thus believed to be giant kings, around 3 metres tall, who ruled Hyperborea.
Aelius Herodianus in the 3rd century wrote that the mythical Arimaspi were identical to the Hyperboreans in physical appearance (De Prosodia Catholica, 1. 114) and Stephanus of Byzantium in the 6th century wrote the same (Ethnica, 118. 16). The ancient poet Callimachus described the Arimaspi as having fair hair.
Northern Europeans (Scandinavians), when confronted with the classical Greco-Roman culture of the Mediterranean, identified themselves with the Hyperboreans, often times neglecting the ancient and traditional aspect of a perpetually sunny land BEYOND the north.
The Smoky God - Voyage to the Hollow Earth, is the story of a Norwegian, Olaf Jansen, and his father, and their trip on a sail boat to the inner earth, via the glaciers of the north polar region.
Olaf Jansen was born in 1811 and was ninteen years old when he took that fateful fishing trip with his father between April and June of 1829. It was after they reached Franz Josef Land from Stockholm that the two decided to venture even further north where they believed they would find the land of the "Chosen".
After escaping a fierce storm and perilous icebergs they sailed smoothly for eleven days, always in what seemed to be a northerly direction. A few days later they reached the shores of of a mighty river which further carried them inland for another ten days coming to around the first of September. They anchored on a sandy beach whereupon they were greeted by six giant men whom befriended them.
According to Olaf's father, the people had large beautiful houses adorned with gold, which was a very common metal there. The principle occupation was agriculture and they had vineyards and grew grain. The vegetables and fruits were lush and huge and exquisitely delicious. The trees and forests and animals were also huge and the air was invigorating.
John G. Bennett wrote a research paper entitled "The Hyperborean Origin of the Indo-European Culture" in which he claimed the Indo-European homeland was in the far north, which he considered the Hyperborea of classical antiquity.
This idea was earlier proposed by Bal Gangadhar Tilak (whom Bennett credits) in his The Arctic Home in the Vedas (1903) as well as the Austro-Hungarian ethnologist Karl Penka (Origins of the Aryans, 1883).
H. P. Blavatsky, René Guénon, and Julius Evola all shared the belief in the Hyperborean, polar origins of Mankind and a subsequent solidification and devolution.
Hyperborea was the Golden Age polar center of civilization and spirituality; mankind does not rise from the ape, but progressively devolves into the apelike condition as it strays physically and spiritually from its Northern homeland.
Robert Charroux first related the Hyperboreans to an ancient astronaut race of "reputedly very large, very white people" who had chosen "the least warm area on the earth because it corresponded more closely to their own climate on their home planet".
"You remember only one deluge, though there have been many...
You and your fellow citizens are descended from the few survivors that remained, but you know nothing about it because so many succeeding generations left no record in writing. The change in the rising and setting of the sun and the other heavenly bodies, how in those times they used to set in the quarter where they now rise, and used to rise where they now set...
Of all the changes which take place in the heavens this reversal is the greatest and most complete ..There is at that time great destruction of animals in general, and only a small part of the human race survives." - Critias by Plato 360 B.C.E
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